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Psychology
Class 11 Psychology
Notes, MCQs, Practice Papers & lot more
Chapter 1 What is Psychology?
Chapter 2 Methods of Enquiry in Psychology
Chapter 3 The Bases of Human Behaviour
Chapter 4 Human Development
Chapter 5 Sensory, Attentional And Perceptual Processes
Chapter 6 Learning
Chapter 7 Human Memory
Chapter 8 Thinking
Chapter 9 Motivation And Emotion
Political Theory : An Introduction Class 11 MCQ
Political Theory : An Introduction Class 11 MCQ
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Political Science
Class 11 Political Science
Part – A : Indian Constitution at Work
Chapter 1 Constitution: Why and How?
Chapter 2 Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution
Chapter 3 Election and Representation
Chapter 4 Executive
Chapter 5 Legislature
Chapter 6 Judiciary
Chapter 7 Federalism
Chapter 8 Local Governments
Chapter 9 Constitution as a Living Document
Chapter 10 The Philosophy of the Constitution
Part – B : Political Theory
Chapter 1 Political Theory: An Introduction
Chapter 2 Freedom
Chapter 3 Equality
Chapter 4 Social Justice
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Chapter 5 Rights
Chapter 6 Citizenship
Chapter 7 Nationalism
Chapter 8 Secularism
Class 11 English The Voice of Rain summary
Class 11 English The Voice of Rain summary
“The Voice of the Rain“
by Walt Whitman
-
Poem : “The Voice of the Rain”
Poet : Walt Whitman
- Summary of the Poem
- The poet asks the rain, “And who art thou?” and strangely, the rain replies, calling itself the “poem of earth.”
- The rain says that it is born from the earth but cannot be seen since it is in the form of vapors.
- It rises into the sky to form clouds and then falls back to the earth in the form of drops.
- It removes droughts and washes away even the tiniest particles.
- It falls on dry seeds, which appear lifeless, and helps them sprout into saplings.
- It gives life to its own origin, i.e., earth; it purifies and beautifies the earth.
- Like a song coming out from the heart, it spreads joy all around and seeps back into the earth.
- Poetic Devices Used in the Poem
- Personification:
“Said the voice of the rain” – Rain speaks throughout the poem.
- Antithesis:
“All together changed, and yet the same” – Two opposite ideas have been pulled
together to describe the continuous cycle of rain.
- Metaphor:
“I am the poem of the earth.”
- Theme of the Poem
- The poet portrays the life cycle of rain and compares it to a song.
- The poem discusses a conversation between the poet and the rain, where the rain calls itself the “poem of the earth.”
- The rain describes its journey:
- It rises as vapors from the land and sea.
- It forms clouds and falls back to the earth to refresh drought-filled lands.
- This helps seeds grow into beautiful greenery.
- The poet compares his role in creating poems to the role of rain, as both bring life and beauty.
- The rain symbolizes the cycle of life in all living things.
- The rain completes the cycle of life, much like the life of all human beings.
English
Class 11 English
Hornbill Prose
Chapter 1 The Portrait of a Lady
Chapter 2 We’re Not Afraid to Die… If We Can All Be Together
Chapter 3 Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues
Chapter 4 Landscape of the Soul
Chapter 5 The Ailing Planet: the Green Movement’s Role
Chapter 6 The Browning Version
Chapter 7 The Adventure
Chapter 8 Silk Road
Hornbill Poem
Poem 1 A Photograph
Poem 2 The Laburnum Top
Poem 3 The Voice of the Rain
Poem 4 Childhood
Poem 5 Father to Son
Snapshot
Chapter 1 The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse
Chapter 2 The Address
Chapter 3 Ranga’s Marriage
Chapter 4 Albert Einstein at School
Chapter 5 Mother’s Day
Chapter 6 The Ghat of the Only World
Chapter 7 Birth
Chapter 8 The Tale of Melon City
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Formal Letter writing in English
Master Formal Letter Writing: A Comprehensive Guide
Formal letter writing is an essential skill for students and professionals alike. Whether you’re writing to an authority, applying for a job, or lodging a complaint, understanding the nuances of a formal letter is crucial.
What is a Formal Letter?
A formal letter is a structured document written for official purposes. It follows a specific format and tone to ensure clear and professional communication.
Types of Formal Letters
1. Letter of Inquiry
- Used to seek information.
- Example: Asking about a course at a university.
2. Complaint Letter
- Written to highlight grievances or dissatisfaction.
- Example: Reporting a defective product.
3. Application Letter
- For job applications or seeking permission.
- Example: Requesting leave at work.
4. Official Correspondence
- Addressed to authorities or organizations.
- Example: Writing to a municipal corporation.
Format of a Formal Letter
Step-by-Step Structure
1. Sender’s Address
- Write your full address at the top left.
- Example:
123, Green Avenue
New Delhi – 110023
2. Date
- Mention the date below the address.
- Example:
January 3, 2025
3. Receiver’s Address
- Write the recipient’s name and address.
- Example:
The Manager
ABC Electronics
Mumbai – 400001
4. Subject
- A concise summary of the letter’s purpose.
- Example: Complaint Regarding Defective Laptop.
5. Salutation
- Use polite greetings.
- Examples: Respected Sir/Madam or Dear [Name]
6. Body of the Letter
- Introduction: State the purpose clearly.
- Main Content: Elaborate on your message with necessary details.
- Conclusion: Summarize and mention expected action.
7. Closing Line
- Use phrases like Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely.
8. Signature
- Add your name and designation (if applicable).
Example of a Formal Letter
Subject: Application for Leave
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am writing to request leave from [start date] to [end date] due to [reason]. I have ensured that my responsibilities are managed in my absence.
I kindly request your approval and understanding.
Yours sincerely,
[Your Name]
[Your Designation]
Points to Remember While Writing a Formal Letter
- Be clear and concise; avoid unnecessary details.
- Use formal language with correct grammar and punctuation.
- Follow the prescribed format strictly.
- Address the recipient appropriately and respectfully.
- Proofread for errors before submission.
Tips for Writing an Effective Formal Letter
- Keep sentences short and to the point.
- Maintain a professional tone throughout.
- Include only relevant details and avoid emotional language.
- Organize content in logical paragraphs.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What is the difference between a formal and informal letter?
A: Formal letters are structured and professional, while informal letters are casual and personal.
Q: Can I use abbreviations in a formal letter?
A: It’s best to avoid them unless they are standard abbreviations like Mr., Dr., etc.
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