Physics 312 NIOS

NIOS Physics 312 syllabus

NIOS 12th Physics syllabus

 

Module-I 01 Motion, Force and Energy
  1. Units, Dimensions and Vectors
  2. Motion in a Straight Line
  3. Laws of Motion
  4. Motion in a Plane
  5. Gravitation
  6. Work, Energy and Power
  7. Motion of a Rigid Body
    Module-II Mechanics of Solids and Fluids
  8. Elastic Properties of Solids
  9. Properties of Fluids
    Module-II Thermal Physics
  10. Kinetic Theory of Gases
  11. Thermodynamics
  12. Heat Transfer and Solar Energy
    Module-IV Oscillations and Waves
  13. Simple Harmonic Motion
  14. Wave Phenomena
    Module-V Electricity and Magnetism 
  15. Electric Charge and Electric Field
  16. Electric Potential and Capacitors
  17. Electric Current
  18. Magnetism and Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
  19. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current
    Module-VI Optics and Optical Instruments 
  20. Reflection and Refraction of Light
  21. Dispersion and Scattering of light
  22. Wave Phenomena and Light PE
  23. Optical Instruments
    Module- VII Atoms and Nuclei
  24. Structure of Atom
  25. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
  26. Nuclei and Radioactivity
  27. Nuclear Fission and Fusion
    Module- VIII Semiconductor Devices and Communication 
  28. Semiconductors and Semiconducting Devices
  29. Applications of Semiconductor Devices
  30. Communication Systems

 

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Class 12 Physics 312 Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 1 — Units, Dimensions and Vectors

Class 12th NIOS Physics 312 Chapter 1 notes

 

1. Physical world and measurements

Scope of Physics

Physics studies natural phenomena across many scales — from subatomic particles to the universe. It includes mechanics, thermodynamics, waves and optics, electromagnetism, atomic and nuclear physics, and applied branches such as biophysics and astrophysics. Physics underlies modern technology and engineering.

 

Nature of physical laws

  • Formed from repeated experiments and observations.
  • Typically universal, simple, stable (within their domain) and mathematically expressible.
  • Used to predict and describe natural phenomena.

 

Physics, technology and society

Applications of physics have produced engines (thermodynamics), communication systems (electromagnetic waves), electrical generation (electromagnetic induction), nuclear reactors, aircraft and rockets (Newton’s laws), medical imaging (X-rays, lasers), and electronics (semiconductors).

 

Need for measurement

Measurements are essential to quantify observations and to allow reproducibility. Standard units and agreed conventions are necessary for clear communication of results.

Important: Scientific results are meaningful only when quantities are given with units and with an indication of measurement accuracy.

2. Unit of measurement

SI base units

The International System of Units (SI) defines seven base units:

Quantity SI Unit Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
Amount of substance mole mol

Prefixes for powers of ten

Multiples and submultiples of SI units use prefixes. Common prefixes:

Power of ten Prefix Symbol
10-9 nano n
10-6 micro μ
10-3 milli m
103 kilo k
106 mega M
109 giga G

Standards of mass, length and time

  • Mass: kilogram defined by an international prototype (historically a platinum-iridium cylinder); national prototypes are maintained by national laboratories.
  • Length: metre defined as the distance light travels in vacuum in 1/299,792,458 second (i.e., c = 299,792,458 m/s is fixed).
  • Time: second defined by the radiation frequency of the cesium-133 atom: 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of its ground state.

 

Role of precise measurements

Precision can reveal new phenomena and lead to discoveries (e.g., Rayleigh’s argon discovery; Michelson–Morley experiment that contributed to relativity). Modern atomic clocks reach uncertainties of parts in 10-15 or better.

 

3. Significant figures

Definition

Significant figures are the digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus the first uncertain digit. They reflect the precision of the measurement.

 

Rules for counting significant figures

  1. All non-zero digits are significant. (e.g., 315.58 → 5 s.f.)
  2. Zeros between non-zero digits are significant. (e.g., 5300405.003 → 10 s.f.)
  3. Zeros to the right of a decimal point and to the right of a non-zero digit are significant. (e.g., 50.00 → 4 s.f.)
  4. Leading zeros in a decimal fraction are not significant. (e.g., 0.00043 → 2 s.f.)
  5. Trailing zeros in an integer that come from measurement are significant. (e.g., 4050 m measured to nearest metre → 4 s.f.)
  6. In a pure counting or defined numbers (like 100 people), the zeros are not significant unless specified.

 

Operations with significant figures

  • Addition/Subtraction: limit the result to the least precise decimal place among the operands.
  • Multiplication/Division: limit the result to the least number of significant figures among the operands.
Example: Side of cube measured as 3.2 cm (2 s.f.). Volume = 3.2³ = 32.768 cm³. Report volume with 2 s.f. → 33 cm³.

4. Derived units

Derived units are combinations of base units. Examples with special names:

Quantity Unit name Symbol Derived from
Force newton N kg·m·s-2
Pressure pascal Pa N·m-2
Energy / Work joule J N·m = kg·m2·s-2
Power watt W J·s-1

Nomenclature and symbols (good practice)

  • Unit symbols remain the same in plural (e.g., 5 m, not 5 ms or 5 ms.).
  • Write symbols without full stop: cm not cm.
  • Avoid double prefixes (use ns for nanosecond, not mμs).
  • When combining prefix and unit, treat as a single symbol: μs-1 not (10-6s)-1.
  • When writing unit names in sentence form, use lowercase (except Kelvin, which is ‘kelvin’ but symbol ‘K’).

5. Dimensions of physical quantities

Dimensional notation

Dimensions express how a quantity depends on base quantities. Common base dimensions (mechanics) are:

  • Mass: M
  • Length: L
  • Time: T

Examples:

  • Volume = L3
  • Density = M·L-3
  • Speed = L·T-1
  • Acceleration = L·T-2
  • Force = M·L·T-2

Dimensional analysis and principle of homogeneity

All terms in a physical equation must have the same dimensions. Dimensional analysis is used to:

  1. Check the correctness of equations.
  2. Derive relations (up to a dimensionless constant) between quantities.
  3. Convert between unit systems.
  4. Obtain dimensions of unknown quantities.

Example (kinetic and potential energy):KE = (1/2) m v2 → dimensions = M·(L·T-1)2 = M·L2·T-2.

PE = m g h → dimensions = M·(L·T-2)·L = M·L2·T-2. Both have same dimensions.

6. Vectors and scalars

Scalars

Quantities described by magnitude only: examples include mass, temperature, energy, speed (magnitude only).

Vectors

Quantities that require magnitude and direction: examples include displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum.

Representation of vectors

A vector is represented by an arrow. Notation:

  • Vector A often written as <vector>A or bold A; magnitude denoted |A| or A.
  • Unit vector in direction of A: (hat indicates unit vector).

Addition of vectors

Two graphical methods:

  1. Triangle law: Place tail of B at head of A. Resultant R is from tail of A to head of B.
  2. Parallelogram law: Complete the parallelogram with sides A and B; diagonal is resultant R.

Parallelogram formula (magnitude)

For vectors A and B with angle θ between them:

R = √(A² + B² + 2AB cos θ)

Direction (angle α made by resultant with A):

tan α = (B sin θ) / (A + B cos θ)

Special cases

  • If θ = 0 (parallel) → R = A + B (same direction).
  • If θ = 180° (anti-parallel) → R = |A – B| (direction of larger vector).
  • If θ = 90° (perpendicular) → R = √(A² + B²).

Subtraction of vectors

A − B = A + (−B). Graphically, reverse B and then add.

7. Multiplication of vectors

Scalar multiplication

Multiplying a vector A by scalar k gives vector kA with magnitude |k|·|A|. If k negative, direction reverses.

Dot product (scalar product)

Definition: A · B = AB cos θ (θ is angle between A and B). Result is a scalar.

  • Properties: commutative (A·B = B·A), distributive.
  • Work done by force F through displacement d: W = F·d = F d cos θ.

Cross product (vector product)

Definition: A × B is a vector of magnitude AB sin θ and direction perpendicular to the plane of A and B (use right-hand rule). It is anti-commutative: A × B = −(B × A).

Unit vectors and components

Unit vectors along axes: î (x-axis), ĵ (y-axis), (z-axis). A vector A with components Ax, Ay, Az:

A = Ax î + Ay ĵ + Az

Dot product in components:

A · B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz

Cross product in component (determinant) form:

A × B = |  î     ĵ     k̂  |
        | A_x  A_y  A_z |
        | B_x  B_y  B_z |

Cross products of unit vectors

î × ĵ = k̂ ĵ × k̂ = î k̂ × î = ĵ
ĵ × î = −k̂ k̂ × ĵ = −î î × k̂ = −ĵ
î × î = 0 ĵ × ĵ = 0 k̂ × k̂ = 0

8. Resolution of vectors

To get components of a vector A that makes angle θ with x-axis:

Ax = A cos θ,   Ay = A sin θ

If components Ax and Ay are known:

A = √(Ax2 + Ay2),   tan θ = Ay / Ax

Worked examples

Example 1 (Dimensional analysis):For uniform acceleration a and time t, distance x from rest depends on a and t. Assume x ∝ an tm.

Dimensions: L = (L T^-2)^n (T)^m = L^n T^(-2n+m)
Equate powers: for L: 1 = n ; for T: 0 = -2n + m  ⇒ m = 2
Thus x ∝ a^1 t^2 ⇒ x ∝ a t^2
Complete relation (from kinematics): x = (1/2) a t^2

Example 2 (Vector resultant):Two forces: A = 70 N (north), B = 50 N (south-west). Angle between A and B = 135°.

R = √(70^2 + 50^2 + 2·70·50 cos 135°)
cos 135° = -cos 45° = -√2/2
Compute: R ≈ 49.5 N
Direction α from A: tan α = (B sinθ) / (A + B cosθ)
After substitution α ≈ 45° (north-west)

9. Summary — key points

  • Always state a measured quantity with units; SI units are the accepted standard for science.
  • Significant figures indicate measurement precision; follow rules when calculating results.
  • Dimensions provide a way to check equations and derive relationships (principle of homogeneity).
  • Distinguish scalar and vector quantities; handle vector addition, subtraction, scalar and vector products properly.
  • Resolve vectors into components to simplify problems in mechanics and electromagnetism.

10. In-text questions and terminal exercises (practice)

  1. Discuss the nature of laws of physics.
  2. Explain four applications of dimensional analysis.
  3. List rules to determine significant figures and give examples.
  4. Find significant figures in: (i) 426.69 (ii) 4200304.002 (iii) 0.3040 (iv) 4050 m (v) 5000
  5. Use dimensional analysis to derive the period T of a simple pendulum in terms of its length l and gravity g.
  6. Check dimensional correctness of the formula s = ut + (1/2) a t2.
  7. Find dimensions of the gravitational constant G in Newton’s law of gravitation.
  8. Two vectors A = 3î − 4ĵ and B = −2î + 6ĵ: find magnitudes, angles, dot product and cross product.
  9. Terminal: Express a light year in metres (take c = 3 × 108 m/s).

11. Answers / Hints to selected problems

Significant figures (Q4): (i) 426.69 → 5 s.f.; (ii) 4200304.002 → 10 s.f.; (iii) 0.3040 → 4 s.f.; (iv) 4050 m (if measured to nearest metre) → 4 s.f.; (v) 5000 (ambiguous) → 1 s.f. unless specified otherwise.

Pendulum period (Q5 hint): Assume T ∝ lα gβ. Dimensionally: T = Lα (L T-2)β ⇒ compare powers ⇒ α = 1/2, β = −1/2, so T ∝ √(l/g). Actual formula: T = 2π √(l/g).

Dimensional check (s = ut + 1/2 a t2): Left-hand side L. Right-hand: ut (L) and at2 (L). Dimensions match.

Dimension of G (Q7): From F = G m1 m2 / r2 → [G] = [F]·[r2] / [m2] = (M L T-2) L2 / M2 = M-1 L3 T-2.

Light year (Q9 hint): 1 ly = c × (1 year) ≈ (3 × 108 m/s) × (365 × 24 × 3600 s) ≈ 9.46 × 1015 m.

 

 

Easy Learning Tricks for Chapter 1

1. SI Base Units — “L M T A K C Mo” Trick

To remember all seven SI base quantities:

“Love Makes Time Always Keep Coming More.”
L – Length (metre)
M – Mass (kilogram)
T – Time (second)
A – Current (ampere)
K – Temperature (kelvin)
C – Luminous Intensity (candela)
Mo – Amount of substance (mole)

2. Dimensional Formula Quick Recall — “MaLiTa” Method

Write everything as a combination of M, L, and T.
Some common ones to memorize:

Quantity Dimensional Formula Tip
Velocity L T⁻¹ Think: length per time
Acceleration L T⁻² Velocity per time
Force M L T⁻² Newton’s law: F = ma
Pressure M L⁻¹ T⁻² Force / Area
Energy / Work M L² T⁻² Force × distance
Power M L² T⁻³ Work / time
G (Gravitational Constant) M⁻¹ L³ T⁻² Derive from F = GMm/r²

Mnemonic for sequence:
“Force Presses Energy Powerfully” → Force → Pressure → Energy → Power

3. Significant Figures Rules – “NIZT”

Remember this short code:
N I Z TNon-zero, Internal zeros, Zeros after decimal, Trailing zeros (only if measured)

Example logic:

  • N: Non-zero digits always count

  • I: Zeros inside count (405 → 3 s.f.)

  • Z: Zeros after decimal count (45.00 → 4 s.f.)

  • T: Trailing zeros in integers count only if specified (5000 → ambiguous)

4. Dimensional Analysis — Uses Memory Trick “V-C-U-F”

Applications of dimensional equations:

  1. V – Verify correctness of formulas

  2. C – Convert units

  3. U – Derive relations (unknown powers)

  4. F – Find dimensions of constants

Remember: “Dimensional Analysis is Very Clever Useful Formula-checker.”

5. Vector Laws Mnemonic — “TPR”

For vector addition and subtraction, recall:

T – Triangle Law
P – Parallelogram Law
R – Resultant

Formula recall trick:
“Cos joins, Sin separates.”
→ Use cos θ when vectors are combined (R = √(A² + B² + 2AB cos θ)).
→ Use sin θ for perpendicular components or vector products.

6. Cross Product Orientation — “Right-hand Rule”

Curl your right-hand fingers from first vector → second vector,
thumb points in direction of resultant (perpendicular vector).
Remember: Cross → Curl → Thumb.

7. Unit Vector Components — “i j k XYZ”

For any 3D vector:
A = Aₓ î + Aᵧ ĵ + A𝓏 k̂

Mnemonic: “I Jump Kross” (i–j–k order)
and in determinant form, always place i, j, k on top.

8. Dimensional Homogeneity Check Shortcut

Whenever you see √, sin, cos, log, or e, the argument inside must be dimensionless.
Example: sin θ (θ = dimensionless); √(a/g) (both have same dimension).

9. Common Errors to Avoid

  • Writing “sec” instead of “s” for second (confused with trigonometric sec).

  • Mixing prefixes (write 1 ns, not 0.001 μs).

  • Forgetting that SI unit symbols are never plural or dotted (e.g., m not m.).

10. Quick Formula Snapshot Table

Concept Formula Unit
Speed Distance / Time m/s
Acceleration Δv / t m/s²
Force m a N (kg·m/s²)
Work F s J (N·m)
Power W / t W (J/s)
Pressure F / A Pa (N/m²)
Momentum m v kg·m/s
Impulse F t N·s
Torque F r sin θ N·m

11. Short Story to Remember Vectors

Think of Force and Direction as Friends
they always go together (vectors).
But Mass and Energy are loners
they only have magnitude (scalars).

 

Class 7 Science Chapter – 1 Nutrition in Plants Question Answers

NCERT Solutions —

Class 7 Science Chapter 1  Nutrition in Plants

NCERT Class 7, Nutrition in Plants, Photosynthesis, Short Answers

Introduction

All living things need food for energy, growth and repair. Plants can make their own food using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide. This process is called photosynthesis. Animals and many other organisms get food directly or indirectly from plants.

Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants Questions – Answers

NCERT Solutions

 

Q1. Why do organisms take food?

Answer: Organisms need food to get energy for work, growth and repair. Plants make food by themselves. Animals eat plants or other animals to get energy.

 

Q2. Distinguish between a parasite and a saprophyte.

Parasite Saprophyte
Lives on or inside a living host and takes food from it (may harm host). Example: Cuscuta. Feeds on dead or decaying matter and helps in decomposition. Example: many fungi.

 

Q3. How would you test the presence of starch in leaves?

Answer: Keep one plant in the dark and one in sunlight. Pluck a leaf from each, boil and test with iodine. If the leaf turns blue-black, starch is present. The leaf kept in light will show starch.

 

Q4. Briefly describe the synthesis of food in green plants (photosynthesis).

Answer: Plants use water (from roots), carbon dioxide (from air) and sunlight captured by chlorophyll in leaves to make food. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.

Simple form: Carbon dioxide + Water —(Sunlight + Chlorophyll)—> Food (carbohydrate) + Oxygen

 

Q5. Explain how plants ar the ultimate source of food.

Answer: Plants make their own food and form the base of all food chains. Herbivores eat plants; carnivores eat herbivores. So every animal depends directly or indirectly on plants.

 

Q6. Fill in the blanks

  1. Green plants are called autotrophs.
  2. The food prepared by plants is stored as starch.
  3. In photosynthesis, solar energy is absorbed by chlorophyll.
  4. During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

 

Q7. Name the following

  1. Parasitic plant with yellow, thin stems: Cuscuta.
  2. Partly autotrophic plant (traps insects): Pitcher plant.
  3. Pores on leaves for gas exchange: Stomata.

 

Q8. Choose the correct answer

(a) Cuscuta is an example of a parasite.
(b) The plant which traps insects is the pitcher plant.

 

Q9. Match the following

Chlorophyll Leaf
Nitrogen Rhizobium
Cuscuta Parasite
Animals Heterotrophs
Insects Pitcher plant

 

Q10. True or False

  1. Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis. — False (Plants take CO₂).
  2. Plants that make their own food are called saprotrophs. — False (They are autotrophs).
  3. The product of photosynthesis is not protein. — True (it is mainly carbohydrate).
  4. Solar energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis. — True.

 

Q11. Choose the correct option from the following:

Which part of the plant takes in carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis?
(i) Root hair (ii) Stomata (iii) Leaf veins (iv) Petals

Answer :  (ii) Stomata

Q12. Which part takes in carbon dioxide?

Answer: The leaves, through openings called stomata, take in carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis.

Q13. Why do farmers use greenhouses?

Answer: Greenhouses provide a controlled, warm and protected place for crops. They protect plants from bad weather and pests and help farmers get better yields.

Quick Summary

Photosynthesis helps plants make food using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide. Plants are autotrophs and are the main source of food in nature. Some plants are parasitic or insectivorous and do not fully rely on photosynthesis.

 
  • Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants Question Answer
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  • nutrition in plants class 7 question answers

 

Articles Worksheet with answers

English Grammar Worksheet – Articles (A, An, The)

Fill in the blanks with the correct article: a, an, the or leave blank if no article is needed.

  1. He bought ___ book from the shop.
    वह दुकान से एक किताब लाया।

  2. I saw ___ elephant in the forest.
    मैंने जंगल में एक हाथी देखा।

  3. She is ___ honest girl.
    वह एक ईमानदार लड़की है।

  4. They live in ___ old house.
    वे एक पुराने घर में रहते हैं।

  5. There is ___ apple in the basket.
    टोकरी में एक सेब है।

  6. He is ___ best player in the team.
    वह टीम का सबसे अच्छा खिलाड़ी है।

  7. The sun rises in ___ east.
    सूरज पूर्व में उगता है।

  8. We met ___ European tourist yesterday.
    हम कल एक यूरोपीय पर्यटक से मिले।

  9. She wants to be ___ doctor.
    वह डॉक्टर बनना चाहती है।

  10. This is ___ book I was looking for.
    यह वही किताब है जिसे मैं ढूंढ रहा था।

  11. The Ganga is ___ holy river.
    गंगा एक पवित्र नदी है।

  12. He drank ___ glass of milk.
    उसने एक गिलास दूध पिया।

  13. We saw ___ owl on the tree.
    हमने पेड़ पर एक उल्लू देखा।

  14. ___ moon looks beautiful tonight.
    आज रात चाँद सुंदर दिख रहा है।

  15. My father is ___ engineer.
    मेरे पिता इंजीनियर हैं।

  16. She wore ___ uniform to school.
    वह स्कूल में यूनिफॉर्म पहनकर गई।

  17. There is ___ inkpot on the table.
    मेज पर एक दवात है।

  18. Please pass me ___ salt.
    कृपया मुझे नमक दीजिए।

  19. The Taj Mahal is ___ famous monument.
    ताजमहल एक प्रसिद्ध स्मारक है।

  20. We saw ___ one-eyed man on the road.
    हमने सड़क पर एक एक-आंख वाला आदमी देखा।

  21. She read ___ interesting story.
    उसने एक रोचक कहानी पढ़ी।

  22. He is ___ tallest boy in the class.
    वह कक्षा का सबसे लंबा लड़का है।

  23. There was ___ orange on the plate.
    प्लेट पर एक संतरा था।

  24. ___ Himalayas are very high.
    हिमालय बहुत ऊँचे हैं।

  25. He found ___ hour to meet me.
    उसने मुझसे मिलने के लिए एक घंटा निकाला।

  26. We should speak ___ truth.
    हमें सत्य बोलना चाहिए।

  27. ___ Ramayana is an epic.
    रामायण एक महाकाव्य है।

  28. The dog is barking in ___ street.
    कुत्ता गली में भौंक रहा है।

  29. We need ___ umbrella.
    हमें एक छतरी चाहिए।

  30. He is eating ___ mango.
    वह आम खा रहा है।

  31. I saw ___ university in Delhi.
    मैंने दिल्ली में एक विश्वविद्यालय देखा।

  32. ___ Earth moves around the Sun.
    पृथ्वी सूर्य के चारों ओर घूमती है।

  33. She bought ___ egg from the shop.
    उसने दुकान से एक अंडा खरीदा।

  34. He gave me ___ useful advice.
    उसने मुझे एक उपयोगी सलाह दी।

  35. There was ___ noise outside.
    बाहर शोर था।

  36. We visited ___ Red Fort yesterday.
    हमने कल लाल किला देखा।

  37. He wants to eat ___ ice cream.
    वह आइसक्रीम खाना चाहता है।

  38. They went for ___ walk in the park.
    वे पार्क में टहलने गए।

  39. She is ___ Indian woman.
    वह एक भारतीय महिला है।

  40. I saw ___ owl flying at night.
    मैंने रात में एक उल्लू उड़ते देखा।

  41. He is playing ___ guitar.
    वह गिटार बजा रहा है।

  42. ___ Pacific Ocean is very large.
    प्रशांत महासागर बहुत बड़ा है।

  43. She met ___ old friend yesterday.
    वह कल एक पुराने दोस्त से मिली।

  44. I need ___ hundred rupees.
    मुझे सौ रुपये चाहिए।

  45. ___ sky is blue.
    आसमान नीला है।

  46. There is ___ pen on the desk.
    डेस्क पर एक पेन है।

  47. We saw ___ eagle flying high.
    हमने एक चील को ऊँचा उड़ते देखा।

  48. She is reading ___ interesting book.
    वह एक रोचक किताब पढ़ रही है।

  49. ___ Bible is a holy book.
    बाइबल एक पवित्र पुस्तक है।

  50. He works as ___ teacher.
    वह एक शिक्षक के रूप में काम करता है।

Answer Key

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  25. an

  26. the

  27. The

  28. the

  29. an

  30. a

  31. a

  32. The

  33. an

  34. a

  35. a

  36. the

  37. an

  38. a

  39. an

  40. an

  41. the

  42. The

  43. an

  44. a

  45. The

  46. a

  47. an

  48. an

  49. The

  50. a

 

Explanations for Tricky Answers

8. a European tourist – Even though “European” starts with the letter E, the sound is y (you-ropean). Before a consonant sound we use a, not an.

15. an engineer – “Engineer” begins with a vowel sound e, so we use an.

17. an inkpot – Starts with vowel sound i, so we use an.

20. a one-eyed man – The word “one” begins with the sound w (like “won”), which is a consonant sound. That’s why we use a instead of an.

25. an hour – The letter “h” in “hour” is silent, so the word begins with the vowel sound au. Therefore, we use an.

26. the truth – For abstract nouns, when we are talking about a specific universal truth, we use the.

27. The Ramayana – Epics, holy books, and unique works get the.

31. a university – “University” starts with the letter U, but the sound is yu (like “you”), which is a consonant sound. So we use a.

32. The Earth – Names of planets, Earth, Sun, Moon usually take the when we mean them in the astronomical sense.

34. a useful advice – “Useful” begins with the consonant sound yu, so we use a.

41. the guitar – Musical instruments are usually referred to with the when talking in general (He plays the guitar).

42. The Pacific Ocean – Names of oceans, seas, rivers, mountain ranges always take the.

44. a hundred rupees – Even with numbers, when we mean “one of something,” we use a (a hundred, a thousand).

49. The Bible – Names of holy books always take the.

Class 5 Science Human Body The Circulatory System

Class 5 Science Human Body The Circulatory System Worksheet

Class 5 Science

Chapter – 1

Human Body The Circulatory System

 

Fill in the Blanks

  1. The heart is divided into __________ chambers.
  2. The upper chambers of the heart are called __________.
  3. The red blood cells contain a red pigment called __________.
  4. __________ blood cells help to fight against infections.
  5. Platelets help in __________ of blood.
  6. Arteries always carry blood __________ from the heart.
  7. Veins have __________ to prevent backflow of blood.
  8. Regular __________ keeps the heart muscles strong.

 

Give Reasons

  1. Why does the left side of the heart have thicker walls than the right side?
  2. Why are arteries deep-seated inside our body?
  3. Why is exercise necessary for a healthy heart?
  4. Why is smoking harmful for the circulatory system?
  5. Why are platelets important for survival?

 

Short Answer Questions

  1. Name the three types of blood cells and write one function of each.
  2. How does regular exercise improve blood circulation?

Long Answer Questions

  1. Explain the structure and working of the human heart.
  2. Differentiate between arteries, veins and capillaries.
  3. What are the harmful effects of lack of exercise on the heart? Explain with examples.

 

Competency Based Questions

  1. Ravi eats junk food daily and avoids physical activity. What problems may he face in the future?

 

  1. A person feels tired easily and often suffers from infections. Which blood cells might be affected?

 

  1. During sports day, Meena fainted due to loss of blood from an injury. Which component of blood helps to stop bleeding and how?

Case Study Based Questions

 

Case Study -1: Rohit is an 11-year-old boy. He spends most of his time watching TV and eating chips. He rarely plays outside. Recently, his doctor said he might develop obesity-related problems if he continues this lifestyle.

Q1. Which type of disease is Rohit at risk of developing?

(a) Communicable                                  (b) Lifestyle

(c) Infectious                                            (d) Genetic

 

Q2. Which organ will be most affected if Rohit does not exercise?

(a) Kidney              (b) Lungs                   (c) Heart                    (d) Stomach

 

Q3. Which of the following habits should Rohit adopt?

(a) More junk food                                     (b) More physical activity

(c) No outdoor games                                (d) More TV watching

 

Case Study 2: Rani got injured while playing and started bleeding. Her bleeding stopped after some time due to the action of blood components.

Q1. Which component of blood helped in stopping the bleeding?

(a) RBC                   (b) WBC                 (c) Platelets           (d) Plasma

 

Q2. What is the main function of red blood cells?

(a) Carry oxygen                                 (b) Fight infection

(c) Form clots                                       (d) None of these

 

Q3. Which blood cells protect the body against diseases?

(a) RBC                   (b) WBC                 (c) Platelets           (d) Plasma

 

Analytical Questions

  1. X carries oxygen to body parts, Y fights infections. Identify X and Y.

 

  1. X has thick muscular walls, Y has valves. Identify X and Y.

Class 5 Science Pollination Worksheet

Class 5 Science Worksheet

Pollination

CHAPTER-4
I. Fill in the blanks
  1. The male reproductive part of a flower is called __________.
  2. The female reproductive part of a flower is called __________.
  3. The outermost green part of a flower is called __________.
  4. The swollen base of the carpel is called __________.
  5. The sticky top of the carpel which receives pollen grains is called __________.
  6. __________ pollination occurs when pollen grains from a flower fall on the stigma of the same flower.
  7. Insects, wind, and water are examples of __________ of pollination.
  8. A flower having both androecium and gynoecium is called __________ flower.

 

II. Give Reasons
  1. Flowers are called the reproductive part of a plant.
  2. Stigma is sticky in nature.
  3. Insect-pollinated flowers are usually brightly coloured.
  4. Self-pollination does not lead to variation.
  5. Unisexual flowers need agents of pollination.

 

III. Short Answer Questions
  1. Define pollination.
  2. Write two differences between unisexual and bisexual flowers.
  3. What is the function of calyx?
  4. What are agents of pollination? Give examples.
  5. Write the function of stamen.

 

IV. Long Answer Questions
  1. Explain the structure of a flower with a neat diagram.
  2. Differentiate between self-pollination and cross-pollination with examples.
  3. Describe the parts of a carpel (pistil) and their functions.
  4. Write a note on the importance of pollination in plants.
  5. Explain with examples how insects help in pollination.

 

V. Competency-Based Questions
  1. Riya saw that in her garden, papaya plants had flowers which did not bear fruits. What type of flowers are these and why can’t they form fruits?
  2. A farmer planted only maize in his field. Which type of pollination will mainly occur in maize and why?
  3. Sneha observed that a hibiscus flower could pollinate by itself. Which type of pollination is this and why is it possible?

VI. Case Studies :

  1. In a village, farmers grew sunflowers. They noticed that honeybees visited the sunflower fields regularly. The bees sat on the flowers, collected nectar, and flew away to other flowers. While doing so, pollen grains from one flower stuck to their bodies and got transferred to another flower. This process helped in fertilization and seed formation.

Questions:

  1. Which agent of pollination is involved here?
    a) Wind
    b) Insects
    c) Water
    d) Animals
  2. What type of pollination took place?
    a) Self-pollination
    b) Cross-pollination
    c) Both a & b
    d) None
  3. Bright colour and nectar in sunflower help in:
    a) Attracting bees
    b) Seed dispersal
    c) Photosynthesis
    d) Absorption of water

 

  1. A farmer noticed that his maize plants produced flowers that were small and not brightly coloured. They had no fragrance or nectar. Still, the plants gave a good yield of grains. When the wind blew, pollen grains from the tassels (male flowers) reached the silks (female flowers) of other plants and fertilization occurred.

Questions:

  1. Which agent of pollination is seen in maize?
    a) Water
    b) Insects
    c) Wind
    d) Animals
  2. Which type of flowers are usually pollinated by wind?
    a) Fragrant and colourful
    b) Small, dull, without nectar
    c) Bright and large
    d) None of these
  3. What type of pollination took place here?
    a) Cross-pollination
    b) Self-pollination
    c) Both a & b
    d) Artificial pollination

 

VII. Analytical Type Questions

  1. X is the male reproductive part of a flower, Y is the female reproductive part. Identify X & Y.

 

  1. X pollination occurs within the same flower, Y pollination occurs between two different flowers. Identify X & Y.

 

  1. X is the collective term for sepals, Y is the collective term for petals. Identify X & Y.

Preposition Worksheet

Preposition Worksheet

 

Instructions: Choose the correct preposition from the given options.

1. The poet alludes ___ Greek mythology in his verses.
(कवि अपनी कविताओं में ग्रीक पौराणिक कथाओं का उल्लेख करता है।)
a) on

b) to

c) at

2. The professor insisted ___ the need for original research.
(प्रोफेसर ने मौलिक शोध की आवश्यकता पर ज़ोर दिया।)
a) on

b) in

c) over

3. The scientist was intrigued ___ the possibility of life on Mars.
(वैज्ञानिक मंगल ग्रह पर जीवन की संभावना से प्रभावित था।)
a) at

b) with

c) by

4. The novel is set ___ the backdrop of post-war England.
(उपन्यास युद्ध के बाद के इंग्लैंड की पृष्ठभूमि पर आधारित है।)
a) under

b) against

c) upon

5. She was proficient ___ three foreign languages.
(वह तीन विदेशी भाषाओं में निपुण थी।)
a) at

b) in

c) with

6. The philosopher reflected deeply ___ the meaning of existence.
(दार्शनिक ने अस्तित्व के अर्थ पर गहराई से विचार किया।)
a) on

b) at

c) of

7. The theory is based ___ empirical evidence.
(सिद्धांत प्रायोगिक साक्ष्य पर आधारित है।)
a) on

b) over

c) with

8. The audience was captivated ___ her eloquent speech.
(दर्शक उसकी प्रभावशाली भाषण से मंत्रमुग्ध हो गए।)
a) with

b) by

c) of

9. He specialized ___ artificial intelligence during his master’s degree.
(उसने अपनी मास्टर डिग्री में कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता में विशेषज्ञता प्राप्त की।)
a) with

b) at

c) in

10. The nation was united ___ the vision of freedom.
(राष्ट्र स्वतंत्रता की दृष्टि के तहत एकजुट था।)
a) by

b) with

c) under

Real-Life Contexts

 

11. The manager objected ___ the proposal because it lacked clarity.
(प्रबंधक ने प्रस्ताव पर आपत्ति जताई क्योंकि उसमें स्पष्टता की कमी थी।)
a) at

b) to

c) over

12. She is committed ___ bringing positive change in society.
(वह समाज में सकारात्मक बदलाव लाने के लिए प्रतिबद्ध है।)
a) for

b) to

c) with

13. The witness testified ___ the court with confidence.
(गवाह ने आत्मविश्वास के साथ अदालत में गवाही दी।)
a) in

b) at

c) before

14. The policy focuses ___ reducing carbon emissions.
(नीति कार्बन उत्सर्जन को कम करने पर केंद्रित है।)
a) on

b) over

c) to

15. He was accused ___ violating the code of conduct.
(उस पर आचार संहिता का उल्लंघन करने का आरोप लगाया गया।)
a) of

b) on

c) with

16. The CEO presided ___ the annual general meeting.
(सीईओ ने वार्षिक आम बैठक की अध्यक्षता की।)
a) on

b) over

c) at

17. The minister assured the citizens ___ immediate relief measures.
(मंत्री ने नागरिकों को तुरंत राहत उपायों का आश्वासन दिया।)
a) for

b) of

c) with

18. The candidate competed ___ some of the best minds in the country.
(उम्मीदवार ने देश के कुछ श्रेष्ठ दिमागों के साथ प्रतिस्पर्धा की।)
a) against

b) with

c) upon

19. He refrained ___ commenting on the controversial issue.
(उसने विवादास्पद मुद्दे पर टिप्पणी करने से परहेज़ किया।)
a) from

b) of

c) at

20. The athlete was applauded ___ her outstanding performance.
(एथलीट को उसके शानदार प्रदर्शन के लिए सराहा गया।)
a) for

b) on

c) at

Idiomatic Expressions

21. He worked day and night ___ fear of failure.
(वह असफलता के डर से दिन-रात काम करता रहा।)
a) in

b) at

c) for

22. The decision was taken ___ accordance with the law.
(निर्णय कानून के अनुसार लिया गया।)
a) in

b) at

c) on

23. She spoke ___ behalf of her classmates during the debate.
(उसने वाद-विवाद में अपने सहपाठियों की ओर से बात की।)
a) on

b) in

c) for

24. He stood ___ the verge of giving up when success arrived.
(वह हार मानने की कगार पर खड़ा था जब सफलता आई।)
a) on

b) at

c) in

25. The country is currently ___ the brink of economic transformation.
(देश इस समय आर्थिक परिवर्तन के कगार पर है।)
a) at

b) on

c) in

26. She acted ___ compliance with the rules.
(उसने नियमों के अनुसार काम किया।)
a) under

b) in

c) on

27. The criminal was brought ___ justice.
(अपराधी को न्याय के सामने लाया गया।)
a) for

b) under

c) to

28. He remained calm even ___ the face of adversity.
(वह विपत्ति का सामना करते समय भी शांत रहा।)
a) in

b) on

c) at

29. The principal warned the students ___ consequence of misconduct.
(प्रधानाचार्य ने छात्रों को अनुशासनहीनता के परिणाम के बारे में चेतावनी दी।)
a) at

b) of

c) on

30. The speaker was ___ favour of adopting new technology.
(वक्ता नई तकनीक अपनाने के पक्ष में था।)
a) at

b) for

c) in

 

Advanced Situational Use

 

31. The treaty was signed ___ the representatives of both nations.
(संधि दोनों देशों के प्रतिनिधियों द्वारा हस्ताक्षरित हुई।)
a) with

b) by

c) between

32. The project will commence ___ October this year.
(परियोजना इस वर्ष अक्टूबर में शुरू होगी।)
a) in

b) on

c) at

33. He divided the money equally ___ his two sons.
(उसने पैसे अपने दो बेटों में समान रूप से बाँटे।)
a) among

b) in

c) between

34. The key to success lies ___ perseverance and hard work.
(सफलता की कुंजी धैर्य और कड़ी मेहनत में है।)
a) with

b) in

c) on

35. She was placed ___ charge of the cultural committee.
(उसे सांस्कृतिक समिति की ज़िम्मेदारी सौंपी गई।)
a) in

b) under

c) at

36. The book provides insight ___ the cultural traditions of Japan.
(यह पुस्तक जापान की सांस्कृतिक परंपराओं की झलक देती है।)
a) into

b) of

c) in

37. The climber was rescued ___ the edge of the cliff.
(पर्वतारोही को चट्टान के किनारे से बचाया गया।)
a) from

b) off

c) at

38. The case study throws light ___ the challenges of globalization.
(केस स्टडी वैश्वीकरण की चुनौतियों पर प्रकाश डालती है।)
a) in

b) at

c) on

39. The discussion ended ___ mutual agreement.
(चर्चा आपसी सहमति पर समाप्त हुई।)
a) at

b) with

c) on

40. The army was deployed ___ the border to ensure safety.
(सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करने के लिए सेना को सीमा पर तैनात किया गया।)
a) along

b) in

c) over

Mixed Challenge

41. The lawyer argued ___ the favour of his client.
(वकील ने अपने मुवक्किल के पक्ष में बहस की।)
a) at

b) in

c) on

42. He is endowed ___ exceptional talents.
(वह असाधारण प्रतिभाओं से संपन्न है।)
a) with

b) of

c) in

43. She was indifferent ___ the outcome of the results.
(वह परिणामों के प्रति उदासीन थी।)
a) at

b) for

c) to

44. The doctor advised him ___ taking too many medicines.
(डॉक्टर ने उसे ज़्यादा दवाइयाँ लेने के विरुद्ध सलाह दी।)
a) against

b) of

c) in

45. The mob was dispersed ___ the police.
(भीड़ को पुलिस ने तितर-बितर किया।)
a) with

b) by

c) of

46. The award was conferred ___ the Prime Minister.
(पुरस्कार प्रधानमंत्री द्वारा प्रदान किया गया।)
a) by

b) from

c) to

47. She was absent ___ the meeting due to illness.
(बीमारी के कारण वह बैठक से अनुपस्थित थी।)
a) at

b) from

c) in

48. The audience burst ___ laughter at his witty remark.
(श्रोतागण उसकी मज़ेदार टिप्पणी पर हँसी से फूट पड़े।)
a) into

b) at

c) with

49. He was engaged ___ preparing his final thesis.
(वह अपनी अंतिम थीसिस तैयार करने में व्यस्त था।)
a) at

b) in

c) on

50. The secret lies hidden ___ plain sight.
(राज़ सबके सामने छिपा हुआ है।)
a) on

b) under

c) in

 

Answer Key

1-b,             2-a,                3-c,               4-b,               5-b,
6-a,             7-a,                8-b,                9-c,             10-c,
11-b,           12-b,             13-c,              14-a,             15-a,
16-b,             17-b,           18-a,             19-a,             20-a,
21-a,             22-a,             23-a,             24-a,             25-a,
26-b,             27-c,             28-a,             29-b,             30-c,
31-b,             32-a,             33-c,             34-b,             35-a,
36-a,             37-a,             38-c,             39-b,             40-a,
41-b,             42-a,             43-c,             44-a,             45-b,
46-a,             47-b,             48-a,             49-b,             50-c.

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